koyaz
Towards a Human Centred Approach for Adaptive Façades

An Overview of User Experiences in Work Environments

Authors

Downloads

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47982/jfde.2022.1.02

Keywords:

human centred design, user experience, adaptive behaviour, adaptive façade, façade design, changeability, interaction

Abstract

Adaptive façades are multifunctional systems that are able to change their functions, features, or behaviour over time in response to changing boundary conditions or performance requirements. As one of the significant developments in the façade industry over the last decade, the adaptive façade offers an intelligent solution that can decrease energy consumption and potentially increase users’ comfort in a building. From an engineering perspective, these advanced technologies aim to improve the overall performance of the building while generating a better indoor environment for the users, but unfortunately, investigations show that this goal is not always achieved. This is why, to bridge this performance gap, we embark on a change of perspective in façade design, from a technology-centred to a human-centred one. This research emphasizes that, with their changeability aspects, adaptive façade technologies offer unique potential, although the design of such façades requires a deeper understanding of users. With this as its focus, this paper aims to identify the factors affecting the user experience in a working environment, considering the interactions of the user with building services and façade systems from a holistic point of view, in which façade-user relationships are to be distinguished, towards the larger aim of developing a human-centred approach for adaptive façade design.

How to Cite

Koyaz, M., Prieto, A., Ünlü, A., & Knaack, U. (2022). Towards a Human Centred Approach for Adaptive Façades: An Overview of User Experiences in Work Environments. Journal of Facade Design and Engineering, 10(1), 29–54. https://doi.org/10.47982/jfde.2022.1.02

Published

2022-06-01

References

Abras, C., Maloney-Krichmar, D., & Preece, J. (2004). User-centred design. Bainbridge, W. Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. https://doi.org/10.1045/january2005-editorial

Addington, M. (2009). Contingent Behaviours. Architectural Design, 79(3), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.882

Aelenei, L., Aelenei, D., Romano, R., Mazzucchelli, E. S., Brzezicki, M., & Rico-Martinez, J. M. (Eds.). (2018). Case Studies – Adaptive

Façade Network. In COST Action TU 1403 Adaptive Façade Network. Tu Delft Open.

Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behaviour. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES, 50, 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1922/CDH_2120VandenBroucke08

Al-Obaidi, K. M., Azzam Ismail, M., Hussein, H., & Abdul Rahman, A. M. (2017). Biomimetic building skins: An adaptive approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79(May), 1472–1491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.028

Al horr, Y., Arif, M., Katafygiotou, M., Mazroei, A., Kaushik, A., & Elsarrag, E. (2016). Impact of indoor environmental quality on occupant well-being and comfort: A review of the literature. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.03.006

Alavi, H. S., Verma, H., Papinutto, M., & Lalanne, D. (2017). Comfort: A coordinate of user experience in interactive built environments. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 10515 LNCS, 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67687-6_16

Attia, S., Garat, S., & Cools, M. (2019). Development and validation of a survey for well-being and interaction assessment by occupants in office buildings with adaptive façades. Building and Environment, 157(April), 268–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.054

Attia, S. (2017). Evaluation of Adaptive Façades: The case study of Al Bahr Towers in UAE - Essay UK Free Essay Database. QScience Proceedings. http://www.essay.uk.com/essays/architecture/evaluation-adaptive-façades/

Attia, S., Luna-Navarro, A., Juaristi, M., Monge-Barrio, A., Gosztonyi, S., & Al-Doughmi, Z. (2018). Post-Occupancy Evaluation for Adaptive Façades. Journal of Façade Design & Engineering Volume, 6(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.7480/jfde.2018.3.2464

Bakker, L. G., Hoes-van Oeffelen, E. C. M., Loonen, R. C. G. M., & Hensen, J. L. M. (2014). User satisfaction and interaction with automated dynamic façades: A pilot study. Building and Environment, 78, 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.04.007 Bluyssen, P. M. (2019).

Towards an integrated analysis of the indoor environmental factors and its effects on occupants. Intelligent Buildings International, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508975.2019.1599318

Boerstra, A., Beuker, T., Loomans, M., & Hensen, J. (2012). Impact of perceived control on comfort and health in European office buildings. 10th International Conference on Healthy Buildings 2012, 1(April), 370–375.

Boerstra, A. C. (2016). Personal Control over Indoor Climate in Offices: Impact on Comfort, Health and Productivity.

Böke, J., Knaack, U., & Hemmerling, M. (2020). Automated adaptive façade functions in practice - Case studies on office buildings. Automation in Construction, 113(February), 103113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103113

Bordass, B., Bromley, K., & Leaman, A. (1993). User and Occupant Controls in Office Buildings. February.

Brager, G. S., Paliaga, G., & de Dear, R. (2004). Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort (RP-1161). ASHRAE Transactions, 110(December 2015), 17–35.

Buso, T., Fabi, V., Andersen, R. K., & Corgnati, S. P. (2015). Occupant behaviour and robustness of building design. Building and Environment, 94, 694–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.11.003

Capeluto, G., & Ochoa, C. E. (2017). Intelligent Envelopes for High-Performance Buildings. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39255-4

Chammas, A., Quaresma, M., & Mont’Alvão, C. (2015). A Closer Look on the User Centred Design. Procedia Manufacturing, 3(Ahfe), 5397–5404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.656

D’Oca, S., Corgnati, S., Pisello, A. L., & Hong, T. (2016). Introduction to an occupant behaviour motivation survey framework. Clima 2016, February. http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS

Damodaran, L. (1996). User involvement in the systems design process- a practical guide for users. Behaviour & Information Technology, 15(6), 363–377.

Day, J. K., & Gunderson, D. E. (2015). Understanding high performance buildings: The link between occupant knowledge of passive design systems, corresponding behaviours, occupant comfort and environmental satisfaction. Building and Environment, 84, 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.11.003

Delzendeh, E., Wu, S., Lee, A., & Zhou, Y. (2017). The impact of occupants’ behaviours on building energy analysis: A research review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80(August), 1061–1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.264

Deme Belafi, Z., Hong, T., & Reith, A. (2018). A critical review on questionnaire surveys in the field of energy-related occupant behaviour. Energy Efficiency, 11(8), 2157–2177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-018-9711-z

Fabi, V., Andersen, R. V., Corgnati, S., & Olesen, B. W. (2012). Occupants’ window opening behaviour: A literature review of factors influencing occupant behaviour and models. Building and Environment, 58, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. buildenv.2012.07.009

Fanger, P. O. (1970). Thermal Comfort: Analysis and Applications in Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill.

Favoino, F., Loonen, R. C. G. M., Doya, M., Goia, F., Bedon, C., & Babich, F. (Eds.). (2018). Building Performance Simulation and Characterisation of Adaptive Façades – Adaptive Façade Network. In COST Action TU 1403 Adaptive Façade Network. Tu Delft Open.

Fisk, W. J. (2000). Health and Productivity Gains from Better Indoor Environments and their Relationship with Building Energy Efficiency. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25(1997), 537–566.

Fountain, M., Brager, G., & De Dear, R. (1996). Expectations of indoor climate control. Energy and Buildings, 24(3), 179–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(96)00988-7

Frontczak, M., & Wargocki, P. (2011). Literature survey on how different factors influence human comfort in indoor environments. Building and Environment, 46(4), 922–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.10.021

Haldi, F., & Robinson, D. (2008). On the behaviour and adaptation of office occupants. Building and Environment, 43(12), 2163–2177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.01.003

Heydarian, A., McIlvennie, C., Arpan, L., Yousefi, S., Syndicus, M., Schweiker, M., Jazizadeh, F., Rissetto, R., Pisello, A. L., Piselli, C., Berger, C., Yan, Z., & Mahdavi, A. (2020). What drives our behaviours in buildings? A review on occupant interactions with building systems from the lens of behavioural theories. Building and Environment, 179(November 2019), 106928. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106928

Hoffman, R. R., Ford, K. M., Feltovich, A., Woods, D. D., Feltovich, P. J., & Klein, G. (2002). A Rose by Any Other Name...Would Probably Be Given an Acronym. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 17(4), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2002.1024755

Holopainen, R., Tuomaala, P., Hernandez, P., Häkkinen, T., Piira, K., & Piippo, J. (2014). Comfort assessment in the context of sustainable buildings: Comparison of simplified and detailed human thermal sensation methods. Building and Environment, 71, 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.09.009

Hong, T., Yan, D., D’Oca, S., & Chen, C. fei. (2017). Ten questions concerning occupant behaviour in buildings: The big picture. Building and Environment, 114, 518–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.006

Huizenga, C., Abbaszadeh, S., Zagreus, L., & Arens, E. (2006). Air quality and thermal comfort in office buildings: Results of a large indoor environmental quality survey. Proceeding of Healthy Buildings 2006, 3, 399–397. https://doi.org/10.12659/PJR.894050

Humphreys, M. A. (2005). Quantifying occupant comfort: Are combined indices of the indoor environment practicable? Building Research and Information, 33(4), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210500161950

IDEO.org. (2015). The Field Guide To Human Centred Design.

ISO 9241-210. (2010). Ergonomics of human–system interaction : Human-centred design for interactive systems.

Jia, M., Srinivasan, R. S., & Raheem, A. A. (2017). From occupancy to occupant behaviour: An analytical survey of data acquisition technologies, modeling methodologies and simulation coupling mechanisms for building energy efficiency. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68(June 2016), 525–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.011

Kaasinen, E., Kymäläinen, T., Niemelä, M., Olsson, T., Kanerva, M., & Ikonen, V. (2013). A user-centric view of intelligent environments: User expectations, user experience and user role in building intelligent environments. Computers, 2(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers2010001

Khalid, H. M. (2006). Embracing diversity in user needs for affective design. Applied Ergonomics, 37(4 SPEC. ISS.), 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2006.04.005

Kim, J., & de Dear, R. (2012). Nonlinear relationships between individual IEQ factors and overall workspace satisfaction. Building and Environment, 49(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.09.022

Klein, T. (2013). Integral Façade Construction : Towards a new product architecture for curtain walls [TU Delft]. In Architecture and the Built Environment. https://doi.org/10.7480/abe.2013.3

Knaack, U., Klein, T., Bilow, M., & Auer, T. (2014). Façades: Principles of Construction (2nd editio). Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH.

Kwon, M., Remøy, H., van den Dobbelsteen, A., & Knaack, U. (2019). Personal control and environmental user satisfaction in office buildings: Results of case studies in the Netherlands. Building and Environment, 179, 428–435. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20073

Lassen, N., Josefsen, T., & Goia, F. (2021). Design and in-field testing of a multi-level system for continuous subjective occupant feedback on indoor climate. Building and Environment, 189(October 2020), 107535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107535

Law, E. L. C., Roto, V., Hassenzahl, M., Vermeeren, A. P. O. S., & Kort, J. (2009). Understanding, scoping and defining user experience: A survey approach. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 719–728. https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1518813

Lazarova-Molnar, S., & Mohamed, N. (2017). On the complexity of smart buildings occupant behaviour: Risks and opportunities. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Part F1309(November). https://doi.org/10.1145/3136273.3136274

Lee, E. S., Fernandes, L. L., Coffey, B., McNeil, A., Clear, R., Webster, T., Bauman, F., Dickerhoff, D., Heinzerling, D., & Hoyt, T. (2013). A Post-Occupancy Monitored Evaluation of the Dimmable Lighting , Automated Shading , and Underfloor Air Distribution System in The New York Times Building Building Technology and.

Luna-Navarro, A., Fidler, P., Law, A., Torres, S., & Overend, M. (2021). Building Impulse Toolkit (BIT): A novel IoT system for capturing the influence of façades on occupant perception and occupant-façade interaction. Building and Environment, 193(November 2020), 107656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107656

Luna-Navarro, A., Loonen, R., Juaristi, M., Monge-Barrio, A., Attia, S., & Overend, M. (2020). Occupant-Façade interaction: a review and classification scheme. Building and Environment, 177, 106880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106880

Maguire, M. (2001). Methods to support human-centred design. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 55(4), 587–634. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.2001.0503

Masoso, O. T., & Grobler, L. J. (2010). The dark side of occupants’ behaviour on building energy use. Energy and Buildings, 42(2), 173–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.08.009

Naqvi, N., Shiv, B., & Bechara, A. (2006). The Role of Emotion in Decision Making: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(5), 260–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00448.x

Nicol, J. F., & Humphreys, M. A. (2002). Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings. Energy and Buildings, 34(6), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00006-3

Norman, D. A. (1988). The psychology of everyday things. Basic Books.

Norman, D. A. (2013). The design of everyday things. Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group All. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.51-5559

O’Brien, W., & Gunay, H. B. (2014). The contextual factors contributing to occupants’ adaptive comfort behaviours in offices - A review and proposed modeling framework. Building and Environment, 77, 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.03.024

O’Brien, W., Wagner, A., Schweiker, M., Mahdavi, A., Day, J., Kjærgaard, M. B., Carlucci, S., Dong, B., Tahmasebi, F., Yan, D., Hong, T., Gunay, H. B., Nagy, Z., Miller, C., & Berger, C. (2020). Introducing IEA EBC annex 79: Key challenges and opportunities in the field of occupant-centric building design and operation. Building and Environment, 178(May), 106738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. buildenv.2020.106738

Ortiz, M. A. (2019). Home Occupant Archetypes: Profiling home occupants’ comfortand energy-related behaviours with mixed methods. [TU Delft]. https://doi.org/10.7480/abe.2019.5

Ortony, A., Norman, D. A., & Revelle, W. (2005). Affect and Proto-Affect in Effective Functioning. In Who Needs Emotions (pp. 173–202). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof

Pee, L. G., Woon, I. M. Y., & Kankanhalli, A. (2008). Explaining non-work-related computing in the workplace: A comparison of alternative models. Information and Management, 45(2), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.01.004

Perino, M., & Serra, V. (2015). Switching from static to adaptable and dynamic building envelopes: A paradigm shift for the energy efficiency in buildings. Journal of Façade Design and Engineering, 3(2), 143–163. https://doi.org/10.3233/fde-150039

Roulet, C. A., Flourentzou, F., Foradini, F., Bluyssen, P., Cox, C., & Aizlewood, C. (2006). Multicriteria analysis of health, comfort and energy efficiency in buildings. Building Research and Information, 34(5), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210600822402

Russell, R., Guerry, A. D., Balvanera, P., Gould, R. K., Basurto, X., Chan, K. M. A., Klain, S., Levine, J., & Tam, J. (2013). Humans and Nature: How Knowing and Experiencing Nature Affect Well-Being. In Ssrn. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-envi- ron-012312-110838

Samani, S. A. (2015). The Impact of Personal Control over Office Workspace on Environmental Satisfaction and Performance. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(3), 163–172. http://www.aiscience.org/journal/jssh

Sanders, L. (2008). An evolving map of design practice and design research. ACM — Interactions, XV.6(November + December), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arw006

Schweiker, M., Hawighorst, M., & Wagner, A. (2016). The influence of personality traits on occupant behavioural patterns. Energy and Buildings, 131, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.09.019

Stern, P. C. (1992). What Psychology Knows About Energy Conservation. American Psychologist.

Tabadkani, A., Roetzel, A., Li, H. X., & Tsangrassoulis, A. (2021). A review of occupant-centric control strategies for adaptive façades. Automation in Construction, 122(May 2020), 103464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103464

Triandis, H. C. (1977). Interpersonal Behaviour. Brooks/Cole Pub.Co.

van der Bijl-Brouwer, M., & Dorst, K. (2017). Advancing the strategic impact of human-centred design. Design Studies, 53, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2017.06.003

Verbeek, P.-P., & Slob, A. (2006). User Behaviour and Technology Development: Shaping Sustainable Relations Between Consumers and Technologies. Springer.

Verplanken, B., & Aarts, H. (1999). Habit, Attitude, and Planned Behaviour: Is Habit an Empty Construct or an Interesting Case of Goal-directed Automaticity? European Review of Social Psychology, 10(1), 101–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779943000035

Vischer, J. C. (2007). The effects of the physical environment on job performance: Towards a theoretical model of workspace stress. Stress and Health, 23, 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1134

Visser, F. S., Stappers, P. J., van der Lugt, R., & Sanders, E. B.-N. (2005). Contextmapping: experiences from practice. CoDesign, 1(2), 119–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/15710880500135987

Wagner, A. (2018). Occupant behaviour-centric building design and operation EBC Annex 79. In IEA EBC (Issue October).

Wagner, A., O’Brien, W., & Dong, B. (Eds.). (2018). Exploring Occupant Behaviour in Buildings. Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61464-9

Wigginton, M., & Harris, J. (2002). Intelligent skins. Butterworth-Heinemann. Yan, D., & Hong, T. (Eds.). (2018). Definition and Simulation of Occupant Behaviour in Buildings. In IEA, EBC Annex 66 Final Report (Issue May).

Yan, D., O’Brien, W., Hong, T., Feng, X., Burak Gunay, H., Tahmasebi, F., & Mahdavi, A. (2015). Occupant behaviour modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges. Energy and Buildings, 107, 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.08.032

Zagreus, L., Huizenga, C., Arens, E., & Lehrer, D. (2004). Listening to the occupants: a Web-based indoor environmental quality survey. Indoor Air, 14(s8), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00301.x

Zhang, T., & Dong, H. (2008). Human-centred design: an emergent conceptual model. Include2009 Proceedings, 2008, 7. https://doi. org/10.1.1.426.5107

Zhang, Y., Bai, X., Mills, F. P., & Pezzey, J. C. V. (2018). Rethinking the role of occupant behaviour in building energy performance: A review. Energy and Buildings, 172, 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.05.017

Zoltowski, C. B., Oakes, W. C., & Cardella, M. E. (2012). Students’ Ways of Experiencing Human-Centred Design. Journal of Engineering Education, 101(1), 28–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2012.tb00040.x